Observations on the Construction of Healthy Dwellings: Namely, Houses, Hospitals, Barracks, Asylums, EtcClarendon Press, 1880 - 296 pages |
Autres éditions - Tout afficher
Observations on the Construction of Healthy Dwellings Sir Douglas Strutt Galton Affichage du livre entier - 1880 |
Observations on the Construction of Healthy Dwellings: Namely, Houses ... Sir Douglas Strutt Galton Affichage du livre entier - 1880 |
Observations on the Construction of Healthy Dwellings: Namely, Houses ... Sir Douglas Strutt Galton Affichage du livre entier - 1896 |
Expressions et termes fréquents
absorb allow alumina ammonia amount anemometer arrangement atmosphere barracks basement beds brick building carbonic acid ceiling cent cesspit chimney cistern clay climate close CO₂ cold combustion contains cubic feet cubic foot cubic space drainage draught dwellings evaporation extraction extraction-shaft Fahrenheit feet of air filter fire floor flow flue foul fresh air gallons gases grate ground hard water height hospitals hour house drain impervious impurities inches inflowing inlet iron loss of heat material means moisture necessary nitrogen obtained occupants open fireplace organic matter outer air outlet oxygen pass Péclet pipes placed pressure prevent quantity rain rainfall removed river roof sand sanitary saturated sewage sewer shaft side soil soil-pipe steam stove subsoil sufficient sulphurous acid supply surface temperature towns trap tube units of heat utilised velocity ventilation walls ward warmed air water-closets weather whilst workhouses
Fréquemment cités
Page 122 - The way in which an ordinary open fireplace acts to create circulation of air in a room with closed doors and windows, is as follows : — The air is drawn along the floor towards the grate ; it is then warmed by the heat which pervades all objects near the fire, and part is carried up the chimney with the smoke, whilst the remainder, partly in consequence of the warmth it has acquired from the fire, and partly owing to the impetus created in its movement towards the fire, flows upwards towards the...
Page 120 - ... degrees above the temperature of the outer air. If the room were not ventilated at all. and the walls were composed of non-conducting materials, the consumption of fuel to maintain this temperature would be very small ; but...
Page 234 - There would appear to be but little gain by the use of the Goux lining as regards freedom from nuisance, and though it removes the risk of splashing and does away with much of the unsightliness of the contents, the absorbent, inasmuch as it adds extra weight, which has to be carried to and from the houses, is rather a disadvantage than otherwise from the manurial point of view.
Page 84 - Therefore, however impure the outer air is, that of our houses is less pure ; and it may be accepted as an axiom that by the best ventilating arrangements we can only get air of a certain standard of impurity, and that any ventilating arrangements are only makeshifts to assist in remedying the evils to which we are exposed from the necessity of obtaining an atmosphere in our houses different in temperature from that of the outer air.
Page 54 - ... for several hours a day, instead of being closed. Besides this, the conditions under which the air flows in and out of a room are so varied. The walls and ceiling themselves allow of a considerable passage of air. The ceiling affords a ready instance of porosity. An old ceiling, it will be observed, is blackened where the plaster has nothing over it to check the passage of air, whilst under the joists, where the air has not passed so freely, it is less black. On breaking the plaster, it will...
Page 40 - Ozone is rarely found in the air of large towns, unless in a suburb when the wind is blowing from the country ; and it is only under the rarest and most exceptional conditions that it is found in the air of the largest and best ventilated apartments. It is, in fact, rapidly destroyed by smoke and other impurities which are present in the air of localities where large bodies of men have fixed their habitations. The permanent absence of ozone from the air of a locality may, however, be regarded as...
Page 40 - ... adulterated air. Its absence from the air of towns and of large rooms, even in the country, is probably the chief cause of the difference which every one feels when he breathes the air of a town or of an apartment, however spacious, and afterwards inhales the fresh or ozone-containing air of the country.
Page 122 - ... as he desires by placing himself in front of the fire or at the side. There is, however, this inconvenience about the open fire. The large volume of air drawn out of a room by the chimney must be supplied from somewhere, and consequently the very means adopted to heat the room tends to produce draughts, because the stronger the direct radiation, or rather the brighter the flame in open fire-places, the stronger must be the draught of the fire and the abstraction of heat. Let us next consider...
Page 126 - The flame, heated gases from combustion, and such small amount of smoke as exists, are compelled, by the form of the back of the grate and the iron part of the smoke-flue, to impinge upon a large heating surface, so as to subtract as much heat as possible out of them before they pass into the chimney, and the heat thus extracted is employed to warm air taken directly from the outer air.
Page 121 - Ibs. would require 1280 cubic feet ; but at a very low computation of the velocity of the gases in an ordinary chimneyflue, the air would pass up the chimney at a rate of from 4 to 6 feet per second, or from 14,000 to 20,000 cubic feet per hour ; with the chimneys in ordinary use, a velocity of from 10 to 15 feet per second often prevails, giving an out.